my name Imam Ismail, I live in jakarta. I was born in jakarta september 19th 1992. Now i am a student at gunadarma university. I live with my parents. I have one younger brother named erlangga yanuardhi. My age and my brother is different 2 years. I am a moslem. I'm so happy to be in gunadarma university, where i can meet all my friend and laught and have fun together.
Rabu, 11 Juni 2014
Rabu, 07 Mei 2014
tugas bahasa inggris bisnis "pengalaman saat penulisan Ilmiah (PI)"
My experience while writing
Scientific Writing ( PI )
This experience began when I entered college level 6 or 6 semester can be referred to , where the rule is that every student is obliged to follow the SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH . I am at 4ea20 classes , where each class get 2 lecturers . On that day , we were collected by a professor named Present Hudiyanto pack . Where the lecturer brought a hiatus , which is absent divides two groups A and B where group A, will be guided by faculty with mrs. tiwi name , while group B with the name of Mr. Hadir . Absent was begun, with the results I get in group B , with lecturers present pack . It was my first experience guided by Mr. Hadir, although the first impression we saw a pack Comes the firm , but it was reversed to pack sharpness saved properties present a good and patient .
This experience began when I entered college level 6 or 6 semester can be referred to , where the rule is that every student is obliged to follow the SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH . I am at 4ea20 classes , where each class get 2 lecturers . On that day , we were collected by a professor named Present Hudiyanto pack . Where the lecturer brought a hiatus , which is absent divides two groups A and B where group A, will be guided by faculty with mrs. tiwi name , while group B with the name of Mr. Hadir . Absent was begun, with the results I get in group B , with lecturers present pack . It was my first experience guided by Mr. Hadir, although the first impression we saw a pack Comes the firm , but it was reversed to pack sharpness saved properties present a good and patient .
At that time we were immediately given a briefing by Mr. Hadir in writing , where we are taught to write properly research . At that point in mind my mind , I was still puzzling over what title I would thoroughly on the study . I continued to listen to a briefing delivered by lecturers pereceptor me . My first day meeting ended with motivation given Present pack , where we have the spirit in working scientific writing .
In the evening I find a reference to determine the title for my writing , I keep looking at that time in various references such as book or internet media . Days passed and I was not still find an appropriate title for my science writing materials . Until I tried it on my senior , who happens to be his lectures at the university Gunadarma . At that time I often asking about scientific writing and provide input and ideas over my writing . At that time my home area , there is a kebab business and when it was my senior also said " why take the title kebab ga wrote " where the kebab business is a business owned my neighbors . I was thinking and begin to have an idea to make scientific writing about the kebab business . But I am still confused about what I would carefully at the business .
Sunday passed , where I met with my supervisor . I was consulting to my supervisor about the kebab business . According to him about the business good , stay what will be studied . He also gives the choice of the business by giving option that is , research on customer satisfaction or sales forecasting . During that time I was confused over the choice until finally I thought of home and the ask to my senior .
When at home I was looking for references on research on customer satisfaction and sales forecasting , and I also ask the opinion of my friend above them . And their answers were different to me too confused over the choice . Until long time . Because my friends already have Title respectively , while I do not have titles . Until finally I got enlightenment where I took the research on business sales forecast kebab kebab with the charter .
When I asked the lecturer preceptor for consultation , until finally I met with my preceptor . I provide obstruction title is " Forecasting Analysis ( forecasting) at qudzy kebab business in the area Cipinang " and while it is also a lecturer preceptor I agree on that title . Although the new title I can , I am very happy because I've made the title approved by the lecturer preceptor me .
I also start with Chapter 1 I , where the contents of Chapter 1 is an introduction . Making preliminary chapter 1 I think this is easy because there are already references given by my friend so stay I developed . Until I finally met with my professor . Although I was a little nervous . I presume I gave chapter 1 . Currently I am getting nervous checked afraid there are errors in my writing . Until finally writing my first chapter preceptor approved by me , although there is some improvement in terms of my writing .
Furthermore, I also started on chapter 2 , the same as chapter 1 I make writing smoothly . And approved by the lecturer preceptor me . I also continue to chapter 3 , together with the subsequent chapter 3 was passed . Well the problem occurs in chapter 4 , chapter 4 where this was the chapter that difficult for me . Because here there is a discussion and calculation long time my writing . I'm working on chapter 4 of this almost two weeks , to the point that I contacted my lecturer preceptor. Because there is no progress over my scientific writing . Until finally I met was my professor , and he explains how the calculation . When I started doing research way until finally I succeeded in completing the writing in chapter 4 . Chapter 4 and was approved by the lecturer preceptor me . Then I was further in Chapter 5 , the conclusion here was I there are obstacles , but I was able to finish everything . Although there are revisions given by my lecturer preceptor.
Days passed , I also have completed my scientific writing . And I also met my preceptor lecturer who was at the same time with the friends I want to ask the probate scientific writing . We also met a pack Comes the time that he served in the Depok campus . We also rejoice in our writing legalization . It is a difficult thing forgotten by me .
A few weeks later after I tidy up my writing to hard cover and I 've made my presentation form . I enrolled into the scientific writing session to register it . At that time I get a schedule on 26 August 2013. 's Day passed , and I was very nervous and scare over the hearing. Day after day went by , I was preparing myself for the trial . Until finally , the awaited day came . I started the session with a feeling very nervous and very scared.I get the order time to three . Where all my friends one by one entry to the trial , I wondered to my friend who had a trial , what do in room trial . Until my turn came , I was called into . The fear was haunting me . I start the prayer to start the presentation , I also start my presentation , to finish and lecturers also asked a question about my research . At that time I was responsible for all that is asked , and it turns out the atmosphere in the room is not the same as I plan . The atmosphere inside was very comfortable . Until finally I was finished session . How relieved and happy I was able to finish the job right . Until finally I wait for further notice . Where I was told by my supervisor that bu liez session to revise my scientific writing .
Until finally I followed all desired by my lecturer . Finally it's done scientific writing until approved by the instructor . Until the trial is submitted pass . The struggle has not ended up there . Furthermore struggle I continued to ask for an autograph to all campus which oversees scientific writing , I Jakarta - Depok commute by train . But as another step in the process . Disaster came to my home where I burn in november . Where all burned down , including my scientific writing . I was very sad , so I never gave up . My friends also gave encouragement to me to me to continue my fight until assigned the certificate .
That's my experience that I want to share to the readers , how the value of the struggle of our current scientific writing tasks . And I was very thanks love for my friends and everybody who has become my support . Especially my parents . A few of my experience , if there is an error in word or writing please forgive. Thank you .
Rabu, 02 April 2014
Bentuk-Bentuk Surat
beberapa contoh bentuk-bentuk surat beserta pengertinnya:
Sekilas tentang surat
Surat merupakan lembaran kertas yang ditulis atas nama pribadi penulis atau atas nama kedudukannya dalam organisasi untuk berbagai kepentingan
Menurut pola umum dalam surat – menyurat dikenal 5 macam bentuk surat,yaitu :
1. Bentuk lurus penuh (full block style), yaitu bentuk
surat yang penulisannya semua dimulai dari pinggir sebelah kiri.
artinya, mulai dari tanggal, kata penutup sampai kata lampiran yang
ditulis di sebelah bawah penulisannya dimulai dari kiri.
Format surat :
Bagian-bagian surat dari Bentuk Lurus Penuh (Full Block Style) :
1. Kop Surat
2. Tanggal dibuatnya surat
3. Nomor Surat
4. Lampiran
5. Hal
6. Surat yang di tujukan
7. Salam Pembukaan
8a. Pendahuluan isi surat
8b. Penjelasan isi surat
8c. Penutup isi surat
9. Salam Penutup
10. Nama jabatan
11. Tanda Tangan
12. Nama yang mendatangani
13. Tembusan
14. Halaman lampiran surat/Inisial
2.Bentuk lurus (block style), pada dasarnya sama dengan surat bentuk lurus penuh, perbedaannya terletak pada penempatan tanggal, salam penutup, nama instansi, nama terang dan nama jabatan yang ditullis disebelah kanan surat.
Format surat :
Bagian-bagian surat dari Bentuk Lurus (Block Style atau Modified Block Style) :
1. Kop Surat
2. Tanggal dibuatnya surat
3. Nomor Surat
4. Lampiran
5. Hal
6. Surat yang di tujukan
7. Salam Pembukaan
8a. Pendahuluan isi surat
8b. Penjelasan isi surat
8c. Penutup isi surat
9. Salam Penutup
10. Nama jabatan
11. Tanda Tangan
12. Nama yang mendatangani
13. Tembusan
14. Halaman lampiran surat/Inisial
3. Bentuk setengah lurus (semi block style), sebenarnya sama dengan bentuk surat lurus, perbedaannya terletak pada penulisan isi surat dan tiap alinea baru menjoraok (masuk ke dalam). pada praktiknya, surat dengan bentuk ini banyak dipergunakan oleh perusahaan.
Format surat :
Bagian-bagian surat dari Bentuk Setengah Lurus (Semi Block Style) :
1. Kop Surat
2. Tanggal dibuatnya surat
3. Nomor Surat
4. Lampiran
5. Hal
6. Surat yang di tujukan
7. Salam Pembukaan
8a. Pendahuluan isi surat
8b. Penjelasan isi surat
8c. Penutup isi surat
9. Salam Penutup
10. Nama jabatan
11. Tanda Tangan
12. Nama yang mendatangani
13. Tembusan
14. Halaman lampiran surat/Inisial
4. Bentuk lekuk (indented style), penulisan alamat pada surat tidak rata atau berbentuk seperti tangga, dan setiap alinea baru menjorok kedalam.
Format surat :
Bagian-bagian surat dari Bentuk Lekuk (Indented Style) :
1. Kop Surat
2. Tanggal dibuatnya surat
3. Nomor Surat
4. Lampiran/Hal
5. Hal/Lampiran
7. Salam Pembukaan
8a. Pendahuluan isi surat
8b. Penjelasan isi surat
8c. Penutup isi surat
9. Salam Penutup
10. Nama jabatan
11. Tanda Tangan
12. Nama yang mendatangani
13. Tembusan
14. Halaman lampiran surat/Inisial
5.Bentuk menggantung (hanging paragraph), sebenarnya juga sama dengan surat bentuk lurus, perbedaannya hanya pada penukisan alamat dan alineanya. Setiap alinea ditulis rata kiri, sedang baris berikutnya menjorok kedalam.
Format surat :
Bagian-bagian surat dari Bentuk Alinea Menggantung (Hanging Paragraph) :
1. Kop Surat
2. Tanggal dibuatnya surat
3. Nomor Surat
4. Lampiran/Hal
5. Hal/Lampiran
6. Surat yang di tujukan
7. Salam Pembukaan
8a. Pendahuluan isi surat
8b. Penjelasan isi surat
8c. Penutup isi surat
9. Salam Penutup
10. Nama jabatan
11. Tanda Tangan
12. Nama yang mendatangani
13. Tembusan
14. Halaman lampiran surat/Inisial
Sumber : http://bahyudinnor17.blogspot.com/2012/11/bentuk-bentuk-surat-style.html
Sekilas tentang surat
Surat merupakan lembaran kertas yang ditulis atas nama pribadi penulis atau atas nama kedudukannya dalam organisasi untuk berbagai kepentingan
- Bentuk Surat.
Menurut pola umum dalam surat – menyurat dikenal 5 macam bentuk surat,yaitu :
Format surat :
Bagian-bagian surat dari Bentuk Lurus Penuh (Full Block Style) :
1. Kop Surat
2. Tanggal dibuatnya surat
3. Nomor Surat
4. Lampiran
5. Hal
6. Surat yang di tujukan
7. Salam Pembukaan
8a. Pendahuluan isi surat
8b. Penjelasan isi surat
8c. Penutup isi surat
9. Salam Penutup
10. Nama jabatan
11. Tanda Tangan
12. Nama yang mendatangani
13. Tembusan
14. Halaman lampiran surat/Inisial
2.Bentuk lurus (block style), pada dasarnya sama dengan surat bentuk lurus penuh, perbedaannya terletak pada penempatan tanggal, salam penutup, nama instansi, nama terang dan nama jabatan yang ditullis disebelah kanan surat.
Format surat :
Bagian-bagian surat dari Bentuk Lurus (Block Style atau Modified Block Style) :
1. Kop Surat
2. Tanggal dibuatnya surat
3. Nomor Surat
4. Lampiran
5. Hal
6. Surat yang di tujukan
7. Salam Pembukaan
8a. Pendahuluan isi surat
8b. Penjelasan isi surat
8c. Penutup isi surat
9. Salam Penutup
10. Nama jabatan
11. Tanda Tangan
12. Nama yang mendatangani
13. Tembusan
14. Halaman lampiran surat/Inisial
3. Bentuk setengah lurus (semi block style), sebenarnya sama dengan bentuk surat lurus, perbedaannya terletak pada penulisan isi surat dan tiap alinea baru menjoraok (masuk ke dalam). pada praktiknya, surat dengan bentuk ini banyak dipergunakan oleh perusahaan.
Format surat :
Bagian-bagian surat dari Bentuk Setengah Lurus (Semi Block Style) :
1. Kop Surat
2. Tanggal dibuatnya surat
3. Nomor Surat
4. Lampiran
5. Hal
6. Surat yang di tujukan
7. Salam Pembukaan
8a. Pendahuluan isi surat
8b. Penjelasan isi surat
8c. Penutup isi surat
9. Salam Penutup
10. Nama jabatan
11. Tanda Tangan
12. Nama yang mendatangani
13. Tembusan
14. Halaman lampiran surat/Inisial
4. Bentuk lekuk (indented style), penulisan alamat pada surat tidak rata atau berbentuk seperti tangga, dan setiap alinea baru menjorok kedalam.
Format surat :
Bagian-bagian surat dari Bentuk Lekuk (Indented Style) :
1. Kop Surat
2. Tanggal dibuatnya surat
3. Nomor Surat
4. Lampiran/Hal
5. Hal/Lampiran
7. Salam Pembukaan
8a. Pendahuluan isi surat
8b. Penjelasan isi surat
8c. Penutup isi surat
9. Salam Penutup
10. Nama jabatan
11. Tanda Tangan
12. Nama yang mendatangani
13. Tembusan
14. Halaman lampiran surat/Inisial
5.Bentuk menggantung (hanging paragraph), sebenarnya juga sama dengan surat bentuk lurus, perbedaannya hanya pada penukisan alamat dan alineanya. Setiap alinea ditulis rata kiri, sedang baris berikutnya menjorok kedalam.
Format surat :
Bagian-bagian surat dari Bentuk Alinea Menggantung (Hanging Paragraph) :
1. Kop Surat
2. Tanggal dibuatnya surat
3. Nomor Surat
4. Lampiran/Hal
5. Hal/Lampiran
6. Surat yang di tujukan
7. Salam Pembukaan
8a. Pendahuluan isi surat
8b. Penjelasan isi surat
8c. Penutup isi surat
9. Salam Penutup
10. Nama jabatan
11. Tanda Tangan
12. Nama yang mendatangani
13. Tembusan
14. Halaman lampiran surat/Inisial
Sumber : http://bahyudinnor17.blogspot.com/2012/11/bentuk-bentuk-surat-style.html
Minggu, 30 Maret 2014
contoh surat Full Block Style
CAMBRIDGE ELECTRONIC CORPORATION
231 Blackmore Street
New York, N.Y. 20011 USA
17th March, 2014
Messrs. Andre Smith & Carlton Ltd
Managing Director
19 Fifth Avenue Street
Los Angeles, USA
Dear Sirs,
We have to rimind you that account for television ordered on 13 february has not yet been paid. Discount cannot now be allowed.
You will remember that we went to some trouble to meet your delivery date, and we are sure that you would not wish to inconvenience us by delaying your payment.
A copy of the statement is enclosed, and we shall be glad to receive your cheque by return.
Yours faithfully,
Imam Ismail
Managing Director.
sumber :http://murtihasanah.wordpress.com/2013/03/23/tugas-softskill-bahasa-inggris-bisnis-2-contoh-surat-full-block-style/
Jumat, 28 Maret 2014
16 tenses bahasa inggris berserta contoh
16 Tenses Bahasa Inggris dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok besar yaitu Present Tense, Past Tense, Future Tenses (Present), Conditional/Past Future. Berikut adalah ringkasan mengenai tenses-tenses dalam bahasa inggris tersebut .
1. Simple Present Tense
Suatu tense yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan, fakta dan kejadian yang terjadi pada masa sekarang.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
(+) Bentuk Positif
-Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object
- Subject + Verb 1 + Object
Contoh :
She is an english teacher
I speak english every day
(-) Bentuk Negatif
-Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
-Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
Contoh :
She is not an english teacher
I don't speak english everyday
(?) Tanya
-To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
- DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
Contoh :
Is She an English Teacher?
Do You Speak english everyday
2. Present Continuous Tense
Suatu tense yang digunakan untuk menunjukan kejadian yang terjadi sekarang atau juga rencana di masa depan.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimatnya
(+) Bentuk Positif
subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb – ing + object
She is watching TV now
(-) Bentuk Negatif
subject + to be + not + verb – ing + object
She is not watching TV now
(?) Bentuk Tanya
to be + subject + verb – ing + object
Is She watching TV now
3. Present Perfect Tense
Suatu tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang telah dimulai pada suatu titik dan berlangsung hingga sekarang.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimatnya
(+) Bentuk positif
-Subject + has/have + been + object
He has been at home since morning
-Subject + has/have + Verb III + object
I have studied English For Three Years
(–) Bentuk negative
-Subject + has / have + not + been + object
He has not been at home since morning
-Subject +has / have + not + verb III + object
I have not studied English For Three Years
( ? ) Bentuk interrogative
-Have / has + subject + been + object
Has He been at home since morning
-Have / has + Subject + verb III + object
Have I studied English For Three Years
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Tense yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan satu kejadian yang dimulai pada masa lalu dan terus berlanjut.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimatnya
( + ) Bentuk positif
-Subject + has/have + been + V-ing
She Has not been reading book for an hour
( – ) Bentuk negative
Subject + has / have + not + been + V-ing
She Has not been reading book for an hour
( ? ) Bentuk interrogative
-Have / has + subject + been + V-ing
Has she been reading a book for an hour
5. Simple Past Tense
Tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang telah terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
(+) Bentuk Positif :
-Subject + was/were + complement (pelengkap)
-Subject + Verb II + Object
Contoh :
-I saw a movie yesterday
-Last year, Daniel was here
(-) Bentuk Negatif
-Subject + to be (was/were) + not + complement
-Subject + did not + Verb I + Object
Contoh :
-I did not see him yesterday
-She was not here yesterday
Bentuk did not atau was/were not bisa disingkat menjadi didn’t atau wasn’t dan weren’t
(?) Bentuk Interrogative :
-Did + Subject + Verb I + Object + ?
Contoh :
-Did you play football yesterday ?
6) Past Continuous Tense
Jenis tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa ada kegiatan yang terjadi di masa lalu dan belum selesai.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
Positif (+)
Subject + to be (was/were) + verb-ing + object
He was sleeping when I came
Negatif (-)
Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing + object
He was not sleeping when I came
Tanya (?)
- was/were + subject + verb-ing + object ?
Was He sleeping when You came?
7. Past Perfect Tense
Tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang sudah terjadi dan juga sudah selesai pada masa lalu
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
Positif (+)
Subject + had + verb III + (past participle) + object
She had gone to Australia when I called her
Negatif (-)
Subject + had + not + verb III + object
She had not gone to Australia when I called her
Tanya (?)
Had + subject + verb III + object ?
Had She gone to Australia when You called her
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi telah selesai sebelum kejadian yang lainnya terjadi.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimatnya
Positif (+)
Subject + had + been + verb-ing + object
He had been living in Jakarta about ten years
Negatif (-)
Subject + had + not + been + verb-ing + object
He had not been living in Jakarta about ten years
Tanya (?)
Had + subject + been + object ?
Had He been living in Jakarta about ten years?
9. Future Tense (Present)
Jenis yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian di masa depan, baik secara terencana (be going) atau secara spontan (will).
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimatnya :
Positif (+)
Subject + will/shall + verb I + object
Subject + am/is/are + going to + verb I + object
Contoh :
We will go to school soon
The students are going to have a test next month
Negatif (-)
Subject + will/shall + verb I + object
Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + verb I + object
Contoh :
We will not go to school soon
The students are not going to have a test next
Pertanyaan (?)
Will/shall + subject + verb I + object
Am/is/are + subject + going to + verb I + object
Contoh :
Will we go to school soon ?
Are the students going to have a test next month ?
10. Future Continuous Tense
Jenis tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang akan berlangsung di masa depan.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
Positif (+)
Subject + will/shall + be + verb-ing + object
I will be studying English tomorrow
Negatif (-)
Subject + will/shall + not + verb-ing + object
I will not be studying English tomorrow
Tanya (?)
Will/shall + subject + be + verb-ing + object
Will You be studying English tomorrow
11. Future Perfect Tense
Jenis tenses yang digunakan menyatakan kejadian yang akan telah selesai pada masa depan
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
Positif (+)
Subject + shall/will + have + been + complement
Subject + shall/will + have + verb III + object
Contoh :
I will have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning
Majid will have rented my house next month
Negatif (-)
Subject + shall/will + not + been + complement
Subject + shall/will + not + have + verb III + object
Contoh :
I will not have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning
Majid will not have rented my house next month
Interrogative atau kalimat tanya (?)
Shall/will + subject + been + complement
Shall/will + subject + have + verb III + object?
Contoh :
Will you have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning?
Will Majid have rented my house next month?
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Jenis tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian dimasa depan akan telah berlangsung.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
Positif (+)
Subject + shall/will + have + been + verb-ing + object
I will have been visiting grandmother tomorrow morning
Negatif (-)
Subject + shall/will + not + have + been + verb-ing + object
I will not have been visiting grandmother tomorrow morning
Interrogative atau kalimat tanya (?)
Shall/will + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object?
Will you have been visiting grandmother tomorrow morning?
13. Past Future tense/(Simple) Conditional
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan probabilitas. Contoh: if I found his wallet, I would give it back to him
Rumus dan Contoh
Positif (+)
Subject + should/would + be + object
Subject + should/would + verb I + object
Contoh :
She should be in Yogyakarta next month
I would be pick up when you arrive at the station tomorrow
Negatif (-)
Subject + should/would + not + be + object
Subject + should/would + not + verb + object
Contoh :
She should not be in Yogyakarta next month
I would not be pick up when you arrive at the station tomorrow
Interrogative/Tanya (?)
Should/would + subject + be + object?
Should/would + subject + verb I + object?
Contoh :
Should She be in Yogyakarta next month
Would you be pick up when I arrive at the station tomorrow
14. Past Future Continuous tense/Conditional
Tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan yang akan dilakukan melalui sebuah proses.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat :
Positif (+)
Subject + should/would + be + verb-ing + object
My brother would be finishing Thesis last week
Negatif (-)
Subject + should/would + not + be + verb-ing + object
My brother would not be finishing Thesis last week
Tanya (?)
Should/would + subject + be + verb-ing + object?
Would your brother finishing Thesis last week?
15. Past Future Perfect tense/Conditional
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan yang akan telah dilakukan oleh subyek.
(+) Positif
Subject + should/would + have + been + complement
Subject + should/would + have + verb III + object
Contoh:
- Ani would have seen John if She had come earlier
- Sinta would have been married if her parents had permitted
(-) Negatif
Subject + should/would + not + have + been + complement
Subject + should/would + not + have + verb III + object
Contoh :
- Ani would not have seen John if She had come earlier
- Sinta would not have been married if her parents had permitted
(?)Tanya
Should/would + subject + have + been + complement ?
Should/would + subject + have + verb III + object ?
Contoh
- Would Ani have seen John if She had come earlier
- Would Ani have been married if her parents had permitted
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous tense/Conditional
Jenis Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan yang akan telah dilakukan untuk beberapa saat.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
(+) Positif
Subject + should/would + have + been + verb-ing + object
Contoh :
By last Saturday I should have been sailing for three days.
(-) Negatif
Subject + should/would + not + have + been + verb-ing + object
By last Saturday I should have been sailing for three days
(?) Tanya
Should/would + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object ?
Contoh :
Should you have been sailing for three days By last Saturday?
sumber :www.belajaringgris.net
1. Simple Present Tense
Suatu tense yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan, fakta dan kejadian yang terjadi pada masa sekarang.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
(+) Bentuk Positif
-Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object
- Subject + Verb 1 + Object
Contoh :
She is an english teacher
I speak english every day
(-) Bentuk Negatif
-Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
-Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
Contoh :
She is not an english teacher
I don't speak english everyday
(?) Tanya
-To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
- DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
Contoh :
Is She an English Teacher?
Do You Speak english everyday
2. Present Continuous Tense
Suatu tense yang digunakan untuk menunjukan kejadian yang terjadi sekarang atau juga rencana di masa depan.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimatnya
(+) Bentuk Positif
subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb – ing + object
She is watching TV now
(-) Bentuk Negatif
subject + to be + not + verb – ing + object
She is not watching TV now
(?) Bentuk Tanya
to be + subject + verb – ing + object
Is She watching TV now
3. Present Perfect Tense
Suatu tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang telah dimulai pada suatu titik dan berlangsung hingga sekarang.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimatnya
(+) Bentuk positif
-Subject + has/have + been + object
He has been at home since morning
-Subject + has/have + Verb III + object
I have studied English For Three Years
(–) Bentuk negative
-Subject + has / have + not + been + object
He has not been at home since morning
-Subject +has / have + not + verb III + object
I have not studied English For Three Years
( ? ) Bentuk interrogative
-Have / has + subject + been + object
Has He been at home since morning
-Have / has + Subject + verb III + object
Have I studied English For Three Years
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Tense yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan satu kejadian yang dimulai pada masa lalu dan terus berlanjut.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimatnya
( + ) Bentuk positif
-Subject + has/have + been + V-ing
She Has not been reading book for an hour
( – ) Bentuk negative
Subject + has / have + not + been + V-ing
She Has not been reading book for an hour
( ? ) Bentuk interrogative
-Have / has + subject + been + V-ing
Has she been reading a book for an hour
5. Simple Past Tense
Tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang telah terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
(+) Bentuk Positif :
-Subject + was/were + complement (pelengkap)
-Subject + Verb II + Object
Contoh :
-I saw a movie yesterday
-Last year, Daniel was here
(-) Bentuk Negatif
-Subject + to be (was/were) + not + complement
-Subject + did not + Verb I + Object
Contoh :
-I did not see him yesterday
-She was not here yesterday
Bentuk did not atau was/were not bisa disingkat menjadi didn’t atau wasn’t dan weren’t
(?) Bentuk Interrogative :
-Did + Subject + Verb I + Object + ?
Contoh :
-Did you play football yesterday ?
6) Past Continuous Tense
Jenis tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa ada kegiatan yang terjadi di masa lalu dan belum selesai.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
Positif (+)
Subject + to be (was/were) + verb-ing + object
He was sleeping when I came
Negatif (-)
Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing + object
He was not sleeping when I came
Tanya (?)
- was/were + subject + verb-ing + object ?
Was He sleeping when You came?
7. Past Perfect Tense
Tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang sudah terjadi dan juga sudah selesai pada masa lalu
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
Positif (+)
Subject + had + verb III + (past participle) + object
She had gone to Australia when I called her
Negatif (-)
Subject + had + not + verb III + object
She had not gone to Australia when I called her
Tanya (?)
Had + subject + verb III + object ?
Had She gone to Australia when You called her
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi telah selesai sebelum kejadian yang lainnya terjadi.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimatnya
Positif (+)
Subject + had + been + verb-ing + object
He had been living in Jakarta about ten years
Negatif (-)
Subject + had + not + been + verb-ing + object
He had not been living in Jakarta about ten years
Tanya (?)
Had + subject + been + object ?
Had He been living in Jakarta about ten years?
9. Future Tense (Present)
Jenis yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian di masa depan, baik secara terencana (be going) atau secara spontan (will).
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimatnya :
Positif (+)
Subject + will/shall + verb I + object
Subject + am/is/are + going to + verb I + object
Contoh :
We will go to school soon
The students are going to have a test next month
Negatif (-)
Subject + will/shall + verb I + object
Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + verb I + object
Contoh :
We will not go to school soon
The students are not going to have a test next
Pertanyaan (?)
Will/shall + subject + verb I + object
Am/is/are + subject + going to + verb I + object
Contoh :
Will we go to school soon ?
Are the students going to have a test next month ?
10. Future Continuous Tense
Jenis tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang akan berlangsung di masa depan.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
Positif (+)
Subject + will/shall + be + verb-ing + object
I will be studying English tomorrow
Negatif (-)
Subject + will/shall + not + verb-ing + object
I will not be studying English tomorrow
Tanya (?)
Will/shall + subject + be + verb-ing + object
Will You be studying English tomorrow
11. Future Perfect Tense
Jenis tenses yang digunakan menyatakan kejadian yang akan telah selesai pada masa depan
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
Positif (+)
Subject + shall/will + have + been + complement
Subject + shall/will + have + verb III + object
Contoh :
I will have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning
Majid will have rented my house next month
Negatif (-)
Subject + shall/will + not + been + complement
Subject + shall/will + not + have + verb III + object
Contoh :
I will not have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning
Majid will not have rented my house next month
Interrogative atau kalimat tanya (?)
Shall/will + subject + been + complement
Shall/will + subject + have + verb III + object?
Contoh :
Will you have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning?
Will Majid have rented my house next month?
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Jenis tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian dimasa depan akan telah berlangsung.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
Positif (+)
Subject + shall/will + have + been + verb-ing + object
I will have been visiting grandmother tomorrow morning
Negatif (-)
Subject + shall/will + not + have + been + verb-ing + object
I will not have been visiting grandmother tomorrow morning
Interrogative atau kalimat tanya (?)
Shall/will + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object?
Will you have been visiting grandmother tomorrow morning?
13. Past Future tense/(Simple) Conditional
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan probabilitas. Contoh: if I found his wallet, I would give it back to him
Rumus dan Contoh
Positif (+)
Subject + should/would + be + object
Subject + should/would + verb I + object
Contoh :
She should be in Yogyakarta next month
I would be pick up when you arrive at the station tomorrow
Negatif (-)
Subject + should/would + not + be + object
Subject + should/would + not + verb + object
Contoh :
She should not be in Yogyakarta next month
I would not be pick up when you arrive at the station tomorrow
Interrogative/Tanya (?)
Should/would + subject + be + object?
Should/would + subject + verb I + object?
Contoh :
Should She be in Yogyakarta next month
Would you be pick up when I arrive at the station tomorrow
14. Past Future Continuous tense/Conditional
Tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan yang akan dilakukan melalui sebuah proses.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat :
Positif (+)
Subject + should/would + be + verb-ing + object
My brother would be finishing Thesis last week
Negatif (-)
Subject + should/would + not + be + verb-ing + object
My brother would not be finishing Thesis last week
Tanya (?)
Should/would + subject + be + verb-ing + object?
Would your brother finishing Thesis last week?
15. Past Future Perfect tense/Conditional
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan yang akan telah dilakukan oleh subyek.
(+) Positif
Subject + should/would + have + been + complement
Subject + should/would + have + verb III + object
Contoh:
- Ani would have seen John if She had come earlier
- Sinta would have been married if her parents had permitted
(-) Negatif
Subject + should/would + not + have + been + complement
Subject + should/would + not + have + verb III + object
Contoh :
- Ani would not have seen John if She had come earlier
- Sinta would not have been married if her parents had permitted
(?)Tanya
Should/would + subject + have + been + complement ?
Should/would + subject + have + verb III + object ?
Contoh
- Would Ani have seen John if She had come earlier
- Would Ani have been married if her parents had permitted
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous tense/Conditional
Jenis Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan yang akan telah dilakukan untuk beberapa saat.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat
(+) Positif
Subject + should/would + have + been + verb-ing + object
Contoh :
By last Saturday I should have been sailing for three days.
(-) Negatif
Subject + should/would + not + have + been + verb-ing + object
By last Saturday I should have been sailing for three days
(?) Tanya
Should/would + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object ?
Contoh :
Should you have been sailing for three days By last Saturday?
sumber :www.belajaringgris.net
Senin, 06 Januari 2014
BISNIS DAN PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN
Perlindungan Konsumen adalah
segala upaya yang menjamin adanya kepastian untuk memberikan perlindungan hukum
kepada konsumen. Pengertian konsumen sendiri adalah setiap
orang pemakai barang dan/atau jasa yang tersedia dalam masyarakat, baik bagi
kepentingan diri sendiri, keluarga, orang lain, maupun makhluk hidup lain dan
tidak untuk diperdagangkan.
Sesuai dengan pasal 3 Undang-undang Perlindungan
Konsumen, tujuan dari Perlindungan ini adalah :
a.
Meningkatkan kesadaran, kemampuan, dan
kemandirian konsumen untuk melindungi diri,
- Mengangkat harkat dan martabat konsumen dengan cara menghindarkannya dari ekses negatif pemakaian barang dan/atau jasa,
- Meningkatkan pemberdayaan konsumen dalam memilih, menentukan dan menuntut hak-haknya sebagai konsumen,
- Menciptakan sistem perlindungan konsumen yang mengandung unsur kepastian hukum dan keterbukaan informasi serta akses untuk mendapatkan informasi,
- Menumbuhkan kesadaran pelaku usaha mengenai pentingnya perlindungan ini sehingga tumbuh sikap yang jujur dan bertanggungjawab dalam berusaha,
- Meningkatkan kualitas barang dan/atau jasa yang menjamin kelangsungan usaha produksi barang dan/atau jasa, kesehatan, kenyamanan, keamanan dan keselamatan konsumen.
Adapun Azas
perlindungan konsumen antara lain :
a.
Asas Manfaat; mengamanatkan bahwa segala upaya
dalam penyelenggaraan perlindungan ini harus memberikan manfaat
sebesar-besarnya bagi kepentingan konsumen dan pelaku usaha secara keseluruhan,
- Asas Keadilan; partisipasi seluruh rakyat dapat diwujudkan secara maksimal dan memberikan kesempatan kepada konsumen dan pelaku usaha untuk memperoleh haknya dan melaksanakan kewajibannya secara adil,
- Asas Keseimbangan; memberikan keseimbangan antara kepentingan konsumen, pelaku usaha, dan pemerintah dalam arti materiil ataupun spiritual
- Asas Keamanan dan Keselamatan Konsumen; memberikan jaminan atas keamanan dan keselamatan kepada konsumen dalarn penggunaan, pemakaian dan pemanfaatan barang dan/atau jasa yang dikonsumsi atau digunakan;
- Asas Kepastian Hukum; baik pelaku usaha maupun konsumen mentaati hukum dan memperoleh keadilan dalam penyelenggaraan perlindungan konsumen, serta negara menjamin kepastian hukum.
Masyarakat modern adalah masyarakat bisnis.
Pelaku bisnis beranggapan hanya bertanggung jawab memenuhi kebutuhan dan
bersikap netral. Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen Indonesia (YLKI) memiliki peran
melindungi konsumen dari tindakan produsen. Hubungan Produsen Dan Konsumen.
Antara Produsen Dan Konsumen memiliki “Hak Kontraktual” yaitu Hak yang timbul
dan dimiliki seseorang ketika memasuki suatu persetujuan atau kontrak dengan
pihak lain.
Ø
Kontrak Dianggap Baik Dan Adil :
- Kedua belah pihak mengetahui sepenuhnya hakikat dan kondisi persetujuan yang mereka sepakat
·
Tidak
ada pihak yang memalsukan fakta tentang kondisi dan syarat-syarat kontrak
- Tidak ada pemaksaan
·
Tidak
mengikat untuk tindakan yang bertentangan dengan moralitas
Kewajiban Produsen :
1.
Memenuhi
ketentuan yang melekat pada produk
- Menyingkapkan semua informasi
3.
Tidak
mengatakan yang tidak benar tentang produk yang diwarkan
Pertimbangan Gerakan Konsumen :
1.
Produk
yang semakin banyak dan rumit
- Terspesialisasinya jenis jasa
- Pengaruh iklan terhadap kehidupan konsumen
- Keamanan produk yang tidak diperhatikan
- Posisi konsumen yang lemah
Hak Atas Pekerja
Ø Hak atas Pekerjaan
Hak atas pekerjaan merupakan suatu hak asasi manusia.
Karena, sebagaimana dikatakan John Locke, kerja melekat pada tubuh manusia.
Kerja adalah aktivitas tubuh dan karena itu tidak bisa dilepaskanatau dipikirkan
lepas dari tubuh manusia.
Ø Hak atas Upah yang Adil
setiap pekerja berhak mendapatkan upah. Artinya,
setiap pekerja berhak utntuk dibayar. Kedua, setiap orang tidak hanya berhak
memperoleh upah yang adil, yaitu upah yang sebanding dengan tenaga yang telah
disumbangkannya. Hal ketiga yang mau ditegaskan dengan hak atas upah yang adil
adalah bahwa pada prinsipnya tidak boleh ada perlakuan yang berbeda atau
diskriminatif dalam soal pemberian upah kepada semua karyawan.
Ø Hak untuk Berserikat dan Berkumpul
merupakan salah satu wujud utama dari hak atas
kebebasan yang merupakan salah satu hak asasi manusia. sebagaimana telah
dikatakan di atas, dengan hak untuk berserikat dan berkumpul, pekerja dapat
bersama-sama secara kompak memperjuangkan hak mereka yang lain, khususnya hak
atas upah yang adil.
Ø Hak atas Perlindungan Keamanan dan
Kesehatan
setiap pekerja berhak mendapatkan perlindungan atas
keamanan, keselamatan dan kesehatan melalui program jaminan atau asuransi
keamanan dan kesehatan yang diadakan perusahaan itu. Kedua, setiap pekerja
berhak mengetahui kemungkinana risiko yang akan dihadapinya dalam menjalankan
pekerjaannya dalam bidang tertentu dalam perusahaan tersebut.
Ø Hak untuk Diproses Hukum secara Sah
Hak ini terutama berlaku ketika seseorang pekerja dituduh
dan diancam dengan hukuman tertentu karena diduga melakukan pelanggaran atau
kesalahan tertentu. Jadi, dia harus didengar pertimbangannya, alasannya,
alibinya, saksi yang mungkin bisa dihadapkannya, atau kalau dia bersalah dia
harus diberi kesempatan untuk mengaku secara jujur dan meminta maaf.
Ø Hak untuk Diperlakukan secara
Sama
hak ini mau ditegaskan bahwa semua pekerja, pada
prinsipnya harus diperlakukan secara sama, secara fair. Artinya, tidak boleh
ada diskriminasi dalam perusahaan entah berdasarkan warna kulit, jenis kelamin,
etnis, agama dan semacamnya, baik dalam sikap dan perlakuan, gaji maupun
peluang untuk jabatan, pelayihan atau pendidkan lebih lanjut.
Ø Hak atas Rahasia Pribadi
Umumnya yang dianggap sebagai rahasia pribadi dank
arena itu tidak perlu diketahui dan dicampuri oleh perusahaan adalah persoalan
yang menyangkut keyakinan religious, afiliasi dan haluan politik, urusan
keluarga, serta urusan social lainnya.
Ø Hak atas Kebebasan suara Hati
Hak ini menuntut agar setiap pekerja harus dihargai
kesadaran moralnya. Konkretnya, pekerja tidak boleh dipaksa untuk melakukan
tindakan tertentu yang dianggapnya tidak baik : melakukan korupsi, menggelapkan
uang perusahaan, menurunkan standar atau ramuan produk tertentu demi
memperbesar keuntungan, menutup-nutupi kecurangan perusahaan atau atasan.
sumber : google.com
sumber : google.com
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